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Environmental Interests in Trade Policy: Institutional Reform and the North American Free Trade Agreement

ISSN: 0362-3319.
Journal from gdlhub / 2017-08-14 12:04:24
Oleh : JOHN J. AUDLEY, Purdue University
Dibuat : 2012-06-19, dengan 1 file

Keyword : Environmental Interests in Trade Policy: Institutional Reform and the North American Free Trade Agreement
Subjek : Environmental Interests in Trade Policy: Institutional Reform and the North American Free Trade Agreement
Sumber pengambilan dokumen : Internet

For more than forty years, formal and informal interactions between the executive


branch, Congress, and a small cluster of interest group elites forged a trade policy


regime dedicated to reducing barriers to trade and linking the long-term success


of the U.S. domestic economy to its role in the rapidly expanding global market.4


Although not as old as trade policy, over the past one hundred years environmental


elites forged their own political institutions, dedicated to meeting the needs of issues


and interest groups focused on protecting the environment.’ When national


environmental organizations turned their attention to trade policy in the 1980’two fundamentally different political institutions collided in an effort to reconcile


some fundamental differences in their individual goals and behavior.


I use the term institution to describe particular social order or patterns of human


interaction which can be characterized by their unique structure, rules and norms


of behavior.6 Institutional structure creates an environment where political actors


organize their resources to make and implement collective choices. Formal rules


identify specific choice mechanisms and serve as both points of entry and barriers


to accessing policy elites. Informal rules or norms set standards of behavior between


political actors, and create relation networks that reduce transactions costs and


facilitate decision making.

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